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constructors, staticinitialization for static code blocks, and adviceexecution for executions of advice code. Advice code defines the modifications that are brought to an application by an aspect. Each advice code block is associated with a pointcut that defines where these modifications apply. Three main types of advice code are provided by AspectJ: before, after, and around. Advice code applies either before the executions of its associated joinpoints, after the executions, or both. In the latter case, the advice code is called around advice code. Two other types of advice code are provided by AspectJ: after returning, and after throwing. The former applies for to that return normally, whereas the latter applies to joinpoints that end their executions by raising an exception. The behavior of an aspect is provided by the advice code blocks that are attached to the aspect. Any Java instructions are valid in those blocks. AspectJ provides two additional instructions: thisJoinPoint and proceed. The former provides information (method name, class name, parameters, and so on) about the current joinpoint. The latter, which can be used exclusively with around advice code, allows you to execute the joinpoint. The mechanism known by the term intertype declaration provides a way for AspectJ to extend an application with additional features, such as fields, methods, constructors, interfaces, and superclasses. Finally, AspectJ 5 takes advantage of the many new features of the Java 5 language, and it introduces a whole new development style that is based on annotations. Instead of using keywords such as aspect and pointcut, you can write aspects as annotated Java classes.

A SELECT statement generated by the find method to retrieve Item entities would not load data from the ITEMS.PICTURE column into the picture field. Instead, the picture data will be automatically loaded from the database when the property is first accessed through the getPicture method. Be advised, however, that lazy fetching is a double-edged sword. Specifying that a column be lazily fetched means that the EntityManager will issue an additional SELECT statement just to retrieve the picture data when the lazily loaded field is first accessed. In the extreme case, imagine what would happen if all entity data in an application is lazily loaded. This would mean that the database would be flooded with a large number of frivolous SELECT statements as entity data is accessed. Also, lazy fetching is an optional EJB 3 feature, which means not every

the EntityManager API standardizes ORM CRUD operations. But standardization isn t the only benefit of the simplified API: another great feature is that it can run outside the container. The cleanly separated Java Persistence API As we touched on in section 1.2.3, API persistence isn t just a solution for serverside applications. Persistence is a problem that even a standalone Swing-based desktop application has to solve. This is the realization that drove the decision to make JPA a cleanly separated API in its own right, that can be run outside an EJB 3 container. Much like JDBC, JPA is intended to be a general-purpose persistence solution for any Java application. This is a remarkably positive step in expanding the scope of EJB 3 outside the traditional realm of server applications. Better persistence-tier OO support Because EJB 2 entity beans were record oriented, they didn t support rich OO features like inheritance and polymorphism, and they didn t permit the mixing of persistent state and domain logic. As you saw in section 1.1.3, this made it impossible to model the domain layer in DDD architecture. EJB 3 entities have robust OO support, not just because they are POJOs but also because the JPA ORM mapping scheme is designed with OO in mind. JPQL has robust support for OO as well. Getting impatient to learn more about JPA Stick with us and we ll have many discussions on JPA throughout the book; part 3 is devoted to discussions on JPA. Test-driven development has become quite popular because it can dramatically improve performance of software applications. Let s see how EJB 3 improves the testability of applications.

Writing log messages with log4j Enhancing logging performance Creating a logging report Logging to a JMS destination Logging in XML format Viewing log files with a web browser Logging in a clustered environment Logging the life of an EJB Refreshing the logging setup Logging with many clients

Being able to unit-test component state or logic in response to simulated input is a critical technique in increasing code quality. In EJB 2, only functional testing of components was possible since components had to be deployed to the container to be executed. While functional testing simulating user interactions with the system is invaluable, it is not a good substitute for lower-level unit testing. Because all EJB 3 components are POJOs, they can easily be executed outside the container. This means that it is possible to unit-test all component business logic using testing frameworks such as JUnit or TestNG. These are just the primary changes to EJB 3; there are many more that we ll cover throughout the book.