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A new Item entity corresponding to the record being added is first instantiated in the addItem method. All of the relevant Item entity data to be saved into the database, such as the item title and description, is then populated with the data passed in by the user. As you ll recall from chapter 7, the Item entity has a manyto-one relationship with the Seller entity. The related seller is retrieved using the EntityManager s find method and set as a field of the Item entity. The persist method is then invoked to save the entity into the database, as shown in figure 9.6. Note that the persist method is intended to create new entity records in the database and not update existing ones. This means that you should make sure the identity or primary key of the entity to be persisted doesn t already exist in the database.

Using JNDI from your EJB, you can successfully perform simple authentication to an LDAP source, as shown in listing 7.5.

Figure 9.6 Invoking the persist method on the EntityManager interface makes an entity instance managed. When the transaction commits, the entity state is synchronized with the database.

If you try to persist an entity that violates the database s integrity constraint, the persistence provider will throw javax.persistence.PersistenceException, which wraps the database exception. As we noted earlier, the persist method also causes the entity to become managed as soon as the method returns. The INSERT statement (or statements) that creates the record corresponding to the entity is not necessarily issued immediately. For transaction-scoped EntityManagers, the statement is typically issued when the enclosing transaction is about to commit. In our example, this means the SQL statements are issued when the addItem method returns. For extendedscoped (or application-managed) EntityManagers, the INSERT statement is probably issued right before the EntityManager is closed. The INSERT statement can also be issued at any point when the EntityManager is flushed. We ll discuss automatic and manual flushing in more detail shortly. For now, you just need to know that under certain circumstances, either you or the EntityManager can choose to perform pending database operations (such as an INSERT to create a record), without waiting for the transaction to end or the EntityManager to close. The INSERT statement corresponding to listing 9.4 to save the Item entity could look something like this:

public class AccountPOJO implements EntityBeanProtocol { private private private private private private private private String accountId; String type; String description; BigDecimal balance; BigDecimal creditLine; BigDecimal beginBalance; java.util.Date beginBalanceTimeStamp; ArrayList customerIds;

INSERT INTO ITEMS (TITLE, DESCRIPTION, SELLER_ID, ...) VALUES ("Toast with the face of Bill Gates on it", "This is an auction for...", 1, ...)

Hashtable env = new Hashtable(); env.put( Context.PROVIDER_URL, "ldap://localhost:389/o=EJBCookbook" ); env.put( Context.INITIAL_CONTEXT_FACTORY, "com.sun.jndi.ldap.LdapCtxFactory" ); env.put( Context.SECURITY_PRINCIPAL, "cn=bsullins, ou=authors, o=EJBCookbook" ); env.put( Context.SECURITY_CREDENTIALS, "password" ); env.put( Context.SECURITY_AUTHENTICATION, "simple" ); //get the initial context DirContext ctx = new InitialDirContext( env );

As you may have noticed, the ITEM_ID primary key that is the identity for the Item entity is not included in the generated INSERT statement. This is because the keygeneration scheme for the itemId identity field of the entity is set to IDENTITY. If the scheme were set to SEQUENCE or TABLE instead, the EntityManager would have generated a SELECT statement to retrieve the key value first and then include the retrieved key in the INSERT statement. As we mentioned earlier, all persistence operations that require database updates must be invoked within the scope of a

transaction If an enclosing transaction is not present when the persist method is invoked, a TransactionRequiredException is thrown for a transaction-scoped entity manager If you are using an application-managed or extended entity manager, invoking the persist method will attach the entity to persistence context If a new transaction starts, the entity manager joins the transaction and the changes will be saved to the database when the transaction commits The same is true for the EntityManager s flush, merge, refresh, and remove methods Persisting entity relationships One of the most interesting aspects of persistence operations is the handling of entity relationships JPA gives us a number of options to handle this nuance in a way that suits a particular application-specific situation Let s explore these options by revisiting listing 94 The addItem method is one of the simplest cases of persisting entity relationships.

As you can see, the recipe code is not really EJB specific. If authentication fails, an AuthenticationException will be thrown. The javax.naming package contains the DirContext and AuthenticationException classes.